Ethylene glycol – Propylene glycol – Methanol – Fertilizers – Wood Glue – Hydrocarbons
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Dogs: 4 mL/kg (1 teaspoon/kg); e.g. 20 kg: 6 Tbsp = lethal
Cats: 1.5 mL/kg (1/3 teaspoon/kg); e.g. 5 kg cat: 1.5 tsp = lethal
MOA: EG metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase into harmful metabolites; Calcium + oxalate = AKI
3 phases:
0-12 h: “drunk”, CNS depression, ataxia, PU/PD, vomiting, seizure coma death
12 h: recovery, tachypnea, metabolic acidosis
24 h+: AKI – vomiting, diarrhea, azotemia, death (cats: 12-24 h; dogs: 36-72 h)
Diagnosis:
Kacey diagnostics strip: colometric, quantitative
Best EG test = quantitative test from human hospital
Metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolality, high AG, hypocalcemia (50%), hyperglycemia (50%)
UA: calcium oxalate cyrstal (3-8 h), isosthenuria at 3 h,
Treatment:
Window: Dogs (<8-12 h ), Cats (<3 h). Otherwise, poor prognosis.
Early emesis, no AC
Fomepizole or ethanol: inhibit EG conversion by ADH
PROPYLENE GLYCOL
Sources: antifreeze, hydraulic fluid, pharmaceutical additive, moist pet food
MOA: ADH to pyruvic acid, d-lactic acid, l-lactic acid
Signs: Heinz body anemia (cats), CNS depression, ataxia, tremors, seizures,
Diagnosis: metabolic acidosis, heinz bodies, hyperosmolar, low USG
Treatment:
Supportive
No antidote
Hemodialysis if severe
METHANOL
Sources: windshield fluid (30-40%), antifreeze, cooking fuel
MOA: ADH to formaldehyde, formic acid, CO2 and H2O
Greatest toxicity in primates
Min lethal dose in dogs 5-11 mL/kg
Very rapidly absorbed – If no sign within 3-4 h, unlikely toxicosis
Signs: CNS depression, ataxia, weakness, hypotension, seizures,
NO AKI
Treatment: supportive care
FERTILIZERS
Contains: nitrogen, phosphate, potash (N:P:K)
Most have a wide margin of safety
“Organic” can still be dangerous
Check for additives: insecticides and pesticides
Bone meal: glob up and cause foreign body obstruction
Iron-based:
20-60 mg/kg: development of signs
>60 mg/kg: severe clinical signs
>100 – 200 mg/kg: lethal?
4 Stages:
1) 0-6 h: GI, lethargy/malaise
2) 6-24 h: quiet phase
3) 12-96 h: lethargy, ongoing GI, CVS (hypotension, tachcardia), neuro
4) 2-6 wk post. GI ulcers with stricture formation, potential GI obstruction
Treatment:
Antacids (omeprazole, famotidine)
Mg or aluminum hydroxide: dogs: 5-30 mL, cats 5-10 mL q 12-24 h
Deferoxamine (chelator) if serum iron > 400 mcg/dL, >60 mg/kg, or symptomatic
WOOD GLUE (e.g. Gorilla Glue)
Diisocyanate rapidly expands and hardens when mixed with stomach fluid.
Risk of gastric foreign body requiring surgical removal
Do NOT confuse radiographs as “food bloat”
Treatment:
Often surgical removal
HYDROCARBONS
Sources: gasoline, motor oil, paint thinner, propane,
Signs:
-GI: vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
-Aspiration pneumonia
-Rare: coma, MODs
Treatment:
–AVOID EMESIS = huge aspiration risk
-Maropitant
-SQ fluids
Monitor for signs of aspiration pneumonia
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